Barium titanate-based thermistors: Past achievements, state of the art, and future perspectives

Barium titanate materials displaying a positive temperature coefficient of resistivity are ubiquitously employed as thermistors in electrical current and voltage control systems, well gas thermal sensing applications. The effect is widely accepted to be grain boundary-based phenomenon, although detailed studies on boundary structure chemistry, their influence the resulting properties, seriously lacking. Tailoring characteristics, for specific high-value applications, will require improved understanding over phenomenon. A comprehensive overview development barium titanate-based ceramics initially presented. We then advance discussion emerging characterization techniques, specifically, stereographic analysis electron backscatter diffraction data that could assist enhancing BaTiO3 defect chemistry microstructure, through subsequent manipulation population types. These techniques have great potential increasing delicate interplay between processing conditions, functional relevant advanced, high-performance electroceramics general. Contemporary advancements field, such lead-free multilayer miniaturized systems based hypostoichiometric compositions, reviewed. Finally, perspectives future lines thermistor research, with focus energy sector, presented including applications separation chemical sensing.